New study reveals: Secret mechanisms of colon cancer metastases in the brain!

New study reveals: Secret mechanisms of colon cancer metastases in the brain!

Every year around 60,000 people in Germany are diagnosed with colon cancer, better known as colorectal carcinoma. Despite a declining trend in mortality rates, this cancer remains one of the most common and accounts for around 10% of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Metastasis formation, which often occurs in the liver and lungs, but more rarely in the brain, is particularly dangerous. A team led by Dr. Dr. Björn Sander from the Hannover Medical School (MHH) has now examined genetic changes in chromosomes and their influence on metastasis formation. The results of this study were published in the journal “Nature Communications” and are promising for future therapeutic approaches.

The research focuses on developing a better understanding of the mechanisms behind metastasis formation. Over 3,800 cases of colon cancer were analyzed. The study shows that brain metastases have a variety of complex genetic changes compared to liver and lung metastases. The KRAS gene in particular plays a central role because mutations here promote tumor growth. Both combinations of mutations and duplications of the KRAS gene are often observed in brain metastases.

Genetic changes and their effects

Colon cancer typically develops from benign growths called adenomas in the intestinal lining. If these adenomas remain undetected, they can grow into malignant tumors. The tumors are characterized by complex chromosomal changes. The current study found that specific changes in the KRAS gene are associated with more aggressive tumor behavior. This demonstrates the need to consider genetic patterns in the treatment of colorectal cancer patients.

The results also show that brain metastases have a high burden of chromosomal imbalances compared to the more common liver and lung metastases. The complex patterns of change develop later than at the other sites of metastasis. Genetic patterns in brain metastases have also been found to promote a metabolic switch in tumor cells indicative of glycolysis.

Research approaches and goals

The study uses modern methods such as next generation sequencing and molecular cytogenetics to examine the role of chromosomal changes in depth. The focus here is on the amplification of chromosome 12p, which carries the KRAS gene. This amplification is also evident in cases without prior targeted therapies, indicating a particular vulnerability of these tumor cells.

A central goal of the research is the development of personalized treatment strategies for colorectal cancer patients. The identification of possible weak points in the tumor cells could lead to better prediction of metastasis and the development of targeted therapies. Prof. Dr. Monika Golas, who conducts research at the University and the University Hospital of Augsburg, emphasizes that the detection of such genetic changes could pave the way for future, targeted therapeutic approaches. These findings not only deepen our understanding of the biological mechanisms behind metastasis, but also identify new targets for effective treatment of colorectal cancer.