Brain under the microscope: Optimal information processing decoded!

Brain under the microscope: Optimal information processing decoded!

On March 9, 2025, the Technical University of Dresden published groundbreaking findings about how the human brain works in relation to information processing. In a study carried out in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences was published, international research teams from Dresden, Tübingen, Paris and Shanghai explained how the brain processes information efficiently and adapts flexibly to changing challenges. This new research provides insight into the principles of criticality and efficient coding, thereby reducing redundant signals.

The scientists developed a mathematical model that simulates neural networks to study brain performance. They conducted an experiment in which they varied the noise level in the networks. The results showed that a medium level of noise leads to maximum performance. A moderate level of noise improves information processing, while too little or too much noise impairs flexibility and efficiency. These findings support the hypothesis that the brain can achieve a balance between precision and flexibility in optimal noise conditions.

Criticality in the nervous system

The conceptualization of criticality describes a state in which the brain responds optimally to external influences. According to the study, typical signatures of criticality occurred, including so-called “neural avalanches.” Too much synchronicity among neurons limits its flexibility, while chaotic patterns with excessive noise can reduce the efficiency of information processing. Excessive order in neural circuits could lead to psychological disorders, a trend seen in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia, depression and obsessive-compulsive disorder.

The knowledge gained from these studies about balance in the brain could open up new treatment options for mental disorders. Thus, hyperconnectivity in schizophrenia highlights chaotic neuronal activity, while depression is based on excessive order. These aspects of criticality could also lead the way in developing more adaptable and robust artificial intelligence systems inspired by the human brain.

The role of cognitive neuroscience

The Christian Albrechts University in Kiel is also involved in research into neural information processing. Here we investigate how biological information processing can be transferred to technical systems in order to develop energy-efficient computer architectures. Latest results, published in the journal Scientific Reports, show that the human brain uses around 25 watts in everyday life, while modern computers and smartphones require significantly more energy. The so-called “critical brain hypothesis” serves as a basis for understanding why the brain works fastest and most energy-efficiently in a state of criticality.

The research results show that not only internal mechanisms but also external influences can contribute to the formation of the critical state. These findings were achieved through mathematical modeling in artificial networks that mimic the behavior of human neural networks.

In summary, deeper insights into the criticality of the brain not only advance the understanding of cognition and mental health, but also lay the foundations for future developments in artificial intelligence. Continued study of these aspects could revolutionize the approach to many neurological and mental illnesses.